KETOKAM™ tablets 10mg, 20pcs

KETOKAM™ 10mg Tablets Buy Online

Ketokam Tablets: A Comprehensive Overview

Experiencing intense pain? Ketokam tablets offer a potent solution for short-term relief of moderate to severe pain. This comprehensive overview explores the medication’s properties, uses, and potential side effects, empowering you to make informed decisions about your healthcare.

What is Ketokam?

Ketokam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) containing the active ingredient ketoprofen. It’s available in tablet form, specifically as film-coated tablets, designed for oral administration. Ketokam is primarily indicated for the short-term management of moderate to severe pain. Its mechanism involves the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, reducing the production of prostaglandins, substances that contribute to inflammation and pain.

The medication’s analgesic (pain-relieving) effects are considered strong, comparable to those of morphine in some cases. However, unlike opioids, Ketokam does not exhibit a sedative effect, does not depress respiration, and does not lead to dependence. This makes it a valuable option for individuals requiring potent pain relief without the risks associated with opioid analgesics. It’s crucial to remember that Ketokam is intended for short-term use only, typically not exceeding five days, and should always be taken under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Ketokam’s efficacy stems from its ability to target the source of pain and inflammation at a peripheral level. It achieves this by effectively blocking the production of prostaglandins, key mediators of pain signaling. The precise pharmacokinetic profile influences the onset and duration of its effects, which typically become noticeable within an hour of ingestion, with peak efficacy reached within two to three hours. This rapid onset of action and substantial analgesic potency contribute to its widespread use in managing acute pain episodes.

Mechanism of Action

Ketokam’s analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects are primarily attributed to its inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. These enzymes are crucial in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, potent mediators of inflammation, pain, and fever. By non-selectively inhibiting both COX-1 and COX-2 isoforms, Ketokam effectively reduces the production of these inflammatory molecules.

The reduction in prostaglandin synthesis leads to a cascade of effects that contribute to pain relief. Specifically, Ketokam diminishes the sensitization of pain receptors, decreasing the perception of pain signals. Furthermore, the drug’s anti-inflammatory properties help to reduce swelling and tissue damage associated with inflammatory processes. This dual action—analgesic and anti-inflammatory—makes Ketokam effective against a range of pain types.

It’s important to note that while Ketokam’s mechanism is primarily focused on peripheral COX inhibition, contributing to its potent analgesic effect, some effects may be mediated by central nervous system mechanisms as well. The precise contribution of central versus peripheral effects is still under investigation. However, the predominant effect is the blockade of prostaglandin synthesis in peripheral tissues, thereby reducing the inflammatory response and attenuating pain signals at their source.

Ketokam’s potency is partially explained by the fact that it’s a racemic mixture of R(+) and S(-)-enantiomers, with the S(-)-enantiomer primarily responsible for its analgesic properties. This enantiomeric selectivity contributes to its effectiveness and potentially reduces certain side effects compared to non-selective NSAIDs that do not have this preferential action on the S(-) enantiomer. The understanding of this specific mechanism is key to appreciating Ketokam’s unique profile among NSAIDs.

Pharmacokinetics

Following oral administration, Ketokam is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, exhibiting high bioavailability, typically ranging from 80% to 100%. Peak plasma concentrations (C_max) are usually achieved within 40 minutes when taken on an empty stomach, reaching approximately 0.7-1.1 mcg/mL after a 10mg dose. The presence of food, particularly high-fat meals, can delay C_max and reduce its peak level.

Ketokam’s extensive protein binding (approximately 99%) to plasma proteins, mainly albumin, is a significant factor affecting its distribution. This high degree of protein binding means that only a small fraction of the drug is free to exert its pharmacological effects. In individuals with hypoalbuminemia (low albumin levels), the proportion of unbound, pharmacologically active drug increases, potentially leading to enhanced effects or increased risk of side effects.

The drug’s elimination half-life (t_1/2) in patients with normal renal function is typically between 2.4 and 9 hours, averaging around 5.3 hours. However, this can be significantly prolonged in individuals with impaired renal function. In patients with moderate to severe renal insufficiency, the half-life can extend to 10-13 hours or more, necessitating dose adjustments to avoid drug accumulation and potential toxicity. Hepatic function, conversely, does not significantly influence Ketokam’s elimination half-life.

Ketokam is primarily metabolized in the liver, with over 50% of an administered dose undergoing hepatic metabolism to form pharmacologically inactive metabolites. These metabolites, including glucuronides and p-hydroxyketoprofen, are subsequently excreted mainly through the urine (approximately 91%, with 40% as metabolites) and to a lesser extent in the feces (about 6%). The drug is not effectively removed by hemodialysis.

Therapeutic Uses

Ketokam tablets are indicated for the short-term management of moderate to severe pain. Its potent analgesic properties make it suitable for various pain conditions, emphasizing its role as a symptomatic treatment rather than a cure for the underlying cause. This is crucial to understand; Ketokam addresses the pain, not the root problem itself.

The drug finds application in treating acute pain stemming from diverse sources, including trauma, dental procedures, post-surgical pain, and various musculoskeletal conditions. Examples include headaches, back pain, sprains, strains, and pain associated with rheumatic diseases. Its efficacy in these areas underscores its value as a versatile analgesic option.

While effective for acute pain, Ketokam is not recommended for chronic pain management. Its intended use is for short-term relief of intense pain episodes, not for ongoing pain conditions that require different treatment strategies. Long-term use carries an increased risk of adverse effects, making it unsuitable for protracted pain management.

Furthermore, Ketokam’s therapeutic application is specifically limited to symptomatic relief. It doesn’t address the underlying cause of the pain; instead, it provides temporary pain reduction. This distinction is critical for patients to understand, to avoid unrealistic expectations about the medication’s scope of action. Remember to always consult with a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Dosage and Administration

Ketokam tablets should be administered orally, either as a single dose or in divided doses throughout the day. The recommended starting dose is typically 10mg, and this can be repeated up to four times daily, depending on the severity of pain and the patient’s response. It’s crucial to follow the prescribed dosage regimen carefully, as exceeding the recommended dose can increase the risk of adverse effects.

The maximum daily dose of Ketokam should not exceed 40mg. This limit is essential to minimize the potential for gastrointestinal complications and other side effects. Exceeding this threshold significantly raises the likelihood of unwanted reactions, necessitating strict adherence to the prescribed dosage guidelines.

The duration of treatment with Ketokam is generally limited to a maximum of five days for oral administration. Prolonged use increases the risk of side effects, particularly gastrointestinal problems. Therefore, this short-term usage is crucial for minimizing potential harms.

For patients transitioning from parenteral (injectable) Ketokam to oral administration, the total daily dose across both routes must not surpass 90mg for adults under 65 and 60mg for those over 65 or with impaired renal function. The oral dose on the day of transition should not be more than 30mg. This transition protocol ensures a safe and controlled reduction in overall dosage.

Pros

Ketokam offers several advantages as a short-term pain reliever. Its potent analgesic effect is a significant benefit, providing effective relief from moderate to severe pain. This strong pain-relieving action is a key advantage over weaker analgesics.

Unlike opioid analgesics, Ketokam generally does not cause sedation or respiratory depression. This lack of central nervous system side effects makes it a safer option for some patients, particularly those with respiratory conditions or a history of substance abuse.

The medication’s relatively rapid onset of action is another significant advantage. Pain relief typically begins within an hour of oral administration, with peak effects occurring within two to three hours. This quick response time is crucial in managing acute pain episodes.

Ketokam’s anti-inflammatory properties further enhance its therapeutic value. While primarily an analgesic, its ability to reduce inflammation can contribute to improved comfort and faster healing in conditions involving both pain and inflammation. This dual action makes it effective in a range of painful inflammatory conditions.

Cons

A significant drawback of Ketokam is its potential for gastrointestinal side effects. These can range from mild discomfort like heartburn and nausea to more severe complications such as ulcers, bleeding, or perforation. The risk is particularly heightened in elderly patients and those with a history of gastrointestinal problems.

Ketokam can also affect renal function, particularly in individuals with pre-existing kidney disease. The drug may impair kidney function, potentially leading to acute renal failure in susceptible individuals. Therefore, careful monitoring of renal parameters is necessary during treatment.

Another concern is the potential for cardiovascular events, including increased blood pressure and, in rare cases, more serious complications. Patients with pre-existing heart conditions or hypertension should use Ketokam with caution under close medical supervision.

Lastly, like other NSAIDs, Ketokam carries a risk of allergic reactions. While relatively uncommon, these can range from mild skin rashes to severe, life-threatening anaphylaxis. A history of allergies to NSAIDs or aspirin is a contraindication for Ketokam use. Patients should be aware of the possibility and seek immediate medical attention if they experience any allergic symptoms.

Precautions and Contraindications

Ketokam is contraindicated in several situations. Individuals with known hypersensitivity to ketoprofen or other NSAIDs should strictly avoid this medication. A history of allergic reactions, such as asthma, urticaria (hives), or rhinitis triggered by NSAIDs, is a significant contraindication. The risk of severe allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, necessitates careful consideration of the patient’s history.

Patients with active peptic ulcers or gastrointestinal bleeding should not use Ketokam. The drug’s potential to exacerbate gastrointestinal issues makes it unsafe for those with these pre-existing conditions. Similar caution is warranted for individuals with a history of gastrointestinal problems, even if not currently active.

Severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min) is another contraindication. Ketokam’s potential to further compromise renal function in patients with already reduced kidney function makes its use unsafe and potentially harmful. This restriction emphasizes the importance of careful patient selection.

Ketokam is also contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The potential risks to the fetus or infant outweigh any potential benefits, necessitating avoidance during these periods. The drug’s ability to cross the placental barrier and its excretion in breast milk necessitate this strict contraindication.

Furthermore, Ketokam should be used with caution in elderly patients and those with compromised hepatic or cardiac function. These individuals are more susceptible to the adverse effects of the medication, requiring careful monitoring and dose adjustment when deemed necessary by a physician. Pre-existing conditions significantly influence the risk-benefit assessment.

Adverse Effects

Ketokam, like other NSAIDs, can cause various adverse effects, although the incidence and severity vary among individuals. Gastrointestinal problems are among the most common, ranging from mild discomfort such as nausea, heartburn, and abdominal pain to more severe complications including peptic ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding, and perforation. The risk is higher in elderly patients and those with a history of gastrointestinal issues.

Renal effects are another concern. Ketokam can impair renal function, potentially leading to acute renal failure, especially in patients with pre-existing kidney disease or dehydration. Monitoring of renal parameters is crucial, particularly in vulnerable populations. Fluid retention and edema are also potential side effects.

Cardiovascular adverse effects, including hypertension and increased risk of thrombotic events, can occur. Patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease should be closely monitored. These effects underscore the need for careful consideration of cardiovascular risk factors before initiating Ketokam therapy.

Central nervous system side effects are possible, although less frequent. These include headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and, rarely, more serious neurological events like aseptic meningitis. The potential for central nervous system effects should be considered, particularly in patients with a history of neurological disorders.

Allergic reactions, ranging from mild skin rashes to severe anaphylaxis, are a possibility. Patients with a history of allergies to NSAIDs or aspirin are at increased risk. Prompt medical attention is required should any allergic symptoms appear.

Other less common but potentially serious side effects include: hepatotoxicity, hematologic abnormalities, and various other effects. The comprehensive list of potential adverse effects is extensive and should be reviewed by healthcare professionals and patients alike. This highlights the importance of thorough risk assessment and close monitoring during treatment.

Conclusion

Ketokam tablets provide a potent option for the short-term management of moderate to severe pain. Its strong analgesic properties and relatively rapid onset of action make it a valuable tool in managing acute pain episodes from various causes. However, potential side effects, particularly gastrointestinal and renal complications, necessitate careful consideration of the patient’s medical history and risk factors.

The decision to prescribe Ketokam should always be made by a healthcare professional, taking into account the patient’s overall health, potential benefits, and the risks associated with the medication. Careful monitoring of vital signs and potential adverse effects is crucial throughout the course of treatment. This emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive risk-benefit assessment.

While Ketokam offers effective pain relief, it is crucial to remember that it is intended for short-term use only. Prolonged use increases the risk of adverse events and is generally not recommended. This reinforces the importance of following prescribed dosages and treatment durations meticulously.

Patients should always inform their physician of any pre-existing conditions or medications they are taking before starting Ketokam therapy. Open communication with healthcare providers is paramount in ensuring safe and effective pain management. This collaborative approach maximizes the benefits while minimizing potential risks associated with Ketokam use.